- Organizers: Jan David Weber (University of Duisburg-Essen), Jan Schulz-Gebhard (University of Bamberg), and Katharina Preuß (University of Duisburg-Essen)
This special session examines structural inequality as a dynamic process of circular cumulative causation unfolding across three co-evolving dimensions: economic dynamics, institutional structures, and social–political perceptions. Inequality is understood not as a static distributional outcome or temporary disequilibrium, but as an emergent property of mutually reinforcing processes that evolve over time and stabilize unequal trajectories. The session brings together evolutionary, institutional, and political economy perspectives to analyze how inequality is produced, entrenched, and contested in contemporary capitalist economies—particularly under conditions of accelerating ecological crisis.
A first focus concerns self-reinforcing economic dynamics generating structural inequality among people, firms, and regions. Building on classical and contemporary theories of cumulative causation, contributions may examine how initial advantages reproduce themselves through multiplicative growth, increasing returns, network effects, and path dependence. In modern economic contexts, these mechanisms appear as scale dependence, type dependence, and non-linear returns, shaping persistent inequalities in income and wealth, firm growth and market power, regional divergence, and global production networks. Importantly, such inequalities can arise even in the absence of explicit exclusion, as small initial differences compound and become increasingly difficult to reverse.
A second dimension addresses the co-evolution of these economic dynamics with institutional structures. Institutions—such as tax systems, welfare states, labor-market regimes, financial regulation, housing markets, education systems, and industrial policies—do not merely correct inequality ex post. Rather, they adapt to, legitimize, and often stabilize cumulative growth processes. Once inequality reaches certain thresholds, institutional change itself may become constrained, generating lock-in effects that entrench unequal growth regimes across social groups, firms, and regions. Within this framework, the session places particular emphasis on climate collapse and environmental policies as drivers of structural transformation. Decarbonization, mitigation, and adaptation policies reconfigure production systems, labor markets, and regional development paths in uneven ways, interacting with existing inequalities and shaping differential capacities to adapt.
A third focus lies on perceptions, expectations, and political beliefs surrounding inequality and climate transformation. Building on work on inequality misperceptions and Albert Hirschman’s tunnel effect, the session highlights that tolerance for inequality depends on beliefs about future mobility and collective progress. These beliefs are socially embedded and shaped through vernacular inequality understandings—localized interpretations formed through lived experience, social networks, and reference groups. Such perceptions influence voting behavior, redistributive preferences, support for environmental policy, protest participation, and political stability.
The central argument of the session is that economic dynamics, institutional evolution, and perception formation constitute interacting components of a single co-evolving system. Methodologically, the session is explicitly pluralist, welcoming qualitative and quantitative work, historical and contemporary analyses, and a wide range of modeling approaches. The unifying concern is how co-evolving economic, institutional, ecological, and perceptual dynamics generate persistent inequality—and how these dynamics might be transformed.